Posts mit dem Label Transit of Venus werden angezeigt. Alle Posts anzeigen
Posts mit dem Label Transit of Venus werden angezeigt. Alle Posts anzeigen

Montag, 6. Juni 2022

Eine Fundsache und doch nochmal was zum Transit der Venus...A find and the Transit of Venus Reloaded...

 

 

Ein Venustransit ist ein seltenes astronomisches Ereignis, bei dem der Planet Venus exakt zwischen der Erde und der Sonne hindurchzieht. Seit dem Jahr 1761 hat dieses Schauspiel nur fünfmal stattgefunden. Es tritt in Paaren im Abstand von acht Jahren auf, gefolgt von einer Pause von über einem Jahrhundert 

A transit of Venus is a rare astronomical event in which the planet Venus passes directly between the Earth and the Sun. Since 1761, this spectacle has occurred only five times. It happens in pairs eight years apart, followed by a gap of over a century.

Die Daten aller Transite seit 1761 - The dates of all transits since 1761:

  • 6 June 1761 
  • 3 June 1769
  • 9 December 1874
  • 6 December 1882
  • 8 June 2004 
  • 5/6 June 2012 

Ich habe bereits einiges zum Transit der Venus hier in meinem Blog gepostet, das meiste bezog sich auf Pingré's Mission in Rodrigues im Jahr 1761, und ziemlich viel auch zum Transit-Ereignis im Jahr 2012.Wenig bis gar nichts bislang zu den Transit-Ereignissen dazwischen, woran mich diese Fundsache erinnerte, ein Ersttagsbrief aus dem Jahr 2004...

I've already posted quite a bit about the transit of Venus here on my blog, most of it relating to Pingré's mission to Rodrigues in 1761, and quite a bit about the transit event in 2012 as well. Little to nothing so far about the transit events in between, which this find reminded me of – a special first-day cover from 2004...

 8 June 2004: Transit de Venus – Ile Maurice et Rodrigues

Source: Mauritius Philatelic Corner/Stamps of Mauritius 2000-2009

"Dieser Gedenkumschlag wurde anlässlich des Venustransits herausgegeben, einem astronomischen Ereignis, bei dem die Venus die Umlaufbahn von Sonne und Erde kreuzt. Er findet alle 122 Jahre paarweise statt, mit einem Abstand von acht Jahren zwischen den Durchgängen. Der letzte Zyklus ereignete sich 1874 und 1882.

Der Umschlag zeigt eine allegorische Darstellung des Venustransits. Für diesen Gedenkumschlag wurden drei Briefmarken der Sternbild-Serie verwendet. Sie zeigen die markantesten Sternbilder, die im Südwinter sichtbar sind.

Der Umschlag wurde in Port-Mathurin, Rodrigues, mit einem Sonderstempel frankiert, der Pointe Venus zeigt, wo in der Vergangenheit Venustransite beobachtet wurden."

"This commemorative enveloppe was issued to mark the Transit of Venus, an astronomical event, in which Venus crosses the path the sun’s and the earth’s orbit. It occurs in pairs every 122 years with an interval of 8 years between each passage. The last cycle was in 1874 and 1882.

The cover depicts an allegoric representation of the Transit. Three stamps, from the Constellation issue were used for this commemorative cover. They are the most prominent constellations observed during the austral winter.

The enveloppe was franked at Port-Mathurin, Rodrigues, with a special cachet showing Pointe Venus where Transit observations were made in the past."

Hier nochmal eine zusammenfassende Rückschau - Here's a summary review

  

Abbé Guy Pingré

Der Transit der Venus, beobachtet vom französischen Astronomen Abbé Guy Pingré auf der Insel Rodrigues, fand am 6. Juni 1761 statt, als die Venus als winziger schwarzer Punkt direkt vor der Sonne vorbeizog. Abbé Pingré und sein Team wurden von der Académie des Sciences entsandt, um dieses historische Ereignis von Rodrigues aus zu beobachten. Daher ist der Ort, an dem er seine Instrumente aufstellte, noch heute als Pointe Vénus bekannt. Astronomen aus aller Welt versammelten sich an über 60 Standorten der Erde, um dieses Ereignis zu verfolgen und die Entfernung zwischen Erde und Sonne, die als Astronomische Einheit (AE) bezeichnet wird, zu berechnen. Da das Wetter ungünstig war, waren Pingrés Beobachtungen historisch weniger bedeutsam wegen der Kartierung der Venusbahn vor der Sonne, sondern vielmehr, weil sie einige der frühesten Aufzeichnungen über die einzigartige Flora und Fauna der Insel lieferten, die er während seines Aufenthalts observierte.

The transit of Venus observed by the French astronomer Abbé Guy Pingré on Rodrigues Island took place exactly on June 6, 1761when the planet Venus passed as a tiny black dot directly in front of the Sun. Abbé Pingré and his team were sent by the Académie des Sciences to observe this historic event from Rodrigues Island. Because of this, the location where he set up his instruments is still known today as Pointe Vénus. Remember? Astronomers from all over the world gathered at over 60 sites to track this event to calculate the distance between the Earth and the Sun, which is known as one astronomical unit. As the weather was not favourable, Pingré’s observations were historically less significant for mapping out the tiny planet's path across the Sun but more for providing some of the earliest notes on the island's unique flora and fauna which he observed during his stay.

 

 1874 - Rodrigues

Beim nächsten Venustransit am 9. Dezember 1874 waren Astronomen diesmal auf Rodrigues sowie auf sowohl auf Mauritius vertreten.Wieder unternahmen wissenschaftliche Teams während des Transits weltweit massive Anstrengungen, um die Entfernung zur Sonne neu zu berechnen. Die beiden Inseln spielten dabei eine zentrale Rolle.

Eine offizielle, hochgradig ausgerüstete britische Expedition unter der Leitung von Lieutenant Neate war auf Rodrigues. Sie bauten Stationen an Orten wie Point Venus und Pt. Coton auf. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Versuchen hatten die Forscher auf Rodrigues im Jahr 1874 hervorragendes, klares Wetter und konnten den Transit perfekt dokumentieren.

Zusatzforschung: Die Expedition wurde von Naturforschern wie Henry Slater begleitet, die die Wartezeit nutzten, um in den Kalksteinhöhlen von Plaine Corail nach Skeletten ausgestorbener Tierarten, wie dem Rodrigues-Solitär, zu graben.

During the next transit of Venus on December 9, 1874, astronomers were present on Rodrigues Island as well as on Mauritius. Once again, scientific teams worldwide undertook massive efforts during the transit to recalculate the distance to the sun. The two islands played a central role in this endeavor.

An official, highly equipped British expedition led by Lieutenant Neate was on Rodrigues. They established stations at locations such as Point Venus and Point Coton. Unlike previous attempts, the researchers on Rodrigues in 1874 enjoyed excellent, clear weather and were able to perfectly document the transit.

Additional research: The expedition was accompanied by naturalists such as Henry Slater, who used the waiting time to excavate the limestone caves of Plaine Corail in search of skeletons of extinct animal species, such as the Rodrigues solitaire.

 

Site diagram of Belmont/Mauritius showing the heliometer room (A), photo room (B), transit room (C), double image micrometer location (D), 4-inch telescope room (E), alt-azimuth room (P), stone pillar with heliotrope (F), and 3-inch telescope location (Y), and miscellaneous stone pillars (Z).  

Lynn Palmer photo

Auf Mauritius befand sich hingegen auf privatfinanzierter Luxus-Expedition der wohlhabende britische Astronom Lord Lindsay (James Ludovic Lindsay). Zu seinem hochkarätigen Team gehörte auch der berühmte Astronom David Gill. Lindsay errichtete seine private Sternwarte in Belmont (in der Nähe von Goodlands). Am Tag des Transits gab es auf Mauritius leider einige störende Wolken.

Weil das Wetter beim Venustransit enttäuschte, nutzten Lindsay und Gill ihre Instrumente (wie das Heliometer), um stattdessen den Asteroiden Juno zu beobachten. Diese alternative Methode zur Entfernungsbestimmung im All erwies sich im Nachhinein als der eigentliche, große wissenschaftliche Erfolg der Mauritius-Reise. Die Überreste dieser Sternwarte in Belmont sind heute ein geschütztes Nationalmonument.

On Mauritius, however, the wealthy British astronomer Lord Lindsay (James Ludovic Lindsay) was on a privately funded luxury expedition. His distinguished team included the renowned astronomer David Gill. Lindsay had established his private observatory in Belmont (near Goodlands). Unfortunately, on the day of the transit, some clouds obscured the view over Mauritius.

Because the weather was disappointing during the Venus transit, Lindsay and Gill used their instruments (such as the heliometer) to observe the asteroid Juno instead. This alternative method of determining distances in space proved to be the true, great scientific success of the Mauritius expedition. The remains of this observatory in Belmont are now a protected national monument.

Visibility of the 1882 transit of Venus. The entire transit would be visible from those areas in pale blue and only a part of the transit in those dark blue areas (after Proctor, 1874: Plate VII). source

Nach dem riesigen Aufwand von 1874 blieb es auf den beiden Inseln im Jahr 1882 astronomisch gesehen ruhig, da der Transit größtenteils stattfand, als die Sonne auf den Maskarenen bereits untergegangen oder gar nicht mehr sichtbar war. Da die geometrische Konstellation bereits vprher klar war wurden Expeditionen mit teurem Gerät von den weltweiten Astronomie-Verbänden in völlig andere Regionen geschickt, wie z.B. Nord-und Südamerika.

After the enormous effort of 1874, astronomically speaking, things remained quiet on the two islands in 1882, as the transit largely occurred when the sun had already set or was no longer visible on the Mascarene Islands. Since the geometric configuration was already clear beforehand, expeditions with expensive equipment were sent by the world's astronomical societies to completely different regions, such as North and South America.

Die Wissenschaftler kehrten erst über ein Jahrhundert später – zum nächsten Transitpaar in den Jahren 2004 und 2012 – mit moderner Ausrüstung (unter anderem Teams der NASA) nach Mauritius und Rodrigues zurück. Diesmal reisten Forscher jedoch nicht mehr an, um mühsam Distanzen zu berechnen, sondern um historische Phänomene mit modernster Technik zu erforschen und das seltene Ereignis live zu dokumentieren.

Am 8. Juni 2004 stand die Region um die Maskarenen geometrisch absolut perfekt, um das Spektakel von Anfang bis Ende zu beobachten. Namhafte Organisationen wie die US-amerikanischen Ring of Fire Expeditions (unter der Leitung des NASA-Spezialisten Paul D. Maley vom JSC Astronomical Society) reisten gezielt nach Mauritius.

Maley baute seine High-Tech-Teleskope in Flic-en-Flac auf. Sein primäres Ziel war es, historische Daten direkt mit modernen Aufnahmen zu vergleichen. Er untersuchte unter anderem Berichte von Lieutenant Hoggan (der 1874 auf Rodrigues stationiert war), um optische Phänomene wie den berüchtigten „Tröpfcheneffekt“ (Black Drop Effect) und die feine atmosphärische Aura um die Venus neu zu analysieren. Unter strahlend blauem Himmel konnten hochauflösende Bildserien und Messungen durchgeführt werden. Auch auf Rodrigues wurde das Event von wissenschaftlichen Enthusiasten und Einheimischen an geschichtsträchtigen Orten wie der Pointe Vénus verfolgt.

Scientists didn't return to Mauritius and Rodrigues until over a century later—for the next transit pair in 2004 and 2012—with modern equipment (including NASA teams). This time, however, researchers didn't travel there to painstakingly calculate distances, but rather to study historical phenomena using state-of-the-art technology and document the rare event live.

On June 8, 2004, the region around the Mascarene Islands was geometrically perfectly aligned to observe the spectacle from beginning to end. Renowned organizations such as the US-based Ring of Fire Expeditions (led by NASA specialist Paul D. Maley of the JSC Astronomical Society) traveled specifically to Mauritius.

Maley set up his high-tech telescopes in Flic-en-Flac. His primary goal was to directly compare historical data with modern images. He examined, among other things, reports by Lieutenant Hoggan (who was stationed on Rodrigues in 1874) to re-analyze optical phenomena such as the infamous "black drop effect" and the subtle atmospheric aura around Venus. High-resolution image sequences and measurements were taken under a brilliant blue sky. On Rodrigues, the event was also observed by scientific enthusiasts and locals at historically significant sites such as Pointe Vénus.

  

Anse Quitor Rodrigues 2012

Der Transit von 2012 war für die Menschheit ein ganz besonderer, da es sich um den letzten Venustransit bis zum Jahr 2117 handelte. Die Bedingungen auf Mauritius und Rodrigues waren 2012 deutlich schwieriger als acht Jahre zuvor. Nur das letzte Ende des Transits war in den frühen Morgenstunden kurz nach Sonnenaufgang über dem Indischen Ozean sichtbar. Anstatt eigene gigantische Stationen vor Ort aufzubauen, nutzten lokale Bildungsreinrichtungen und Forscher auf Mauritius das Event für weltweite Bildungsprojekte. Die Daten wurden mit den hochauflösenden Live-Bildern von Weltraumteleskopen (wie dem Solar Dynamics Observatory der NASA) abgeglichen. So wurde sichergestellt, dass trotz der kurzen Sichtbarkeitsfenster auf den Inseln präzise Beobachtungen für die Nachwelt festgehalten wurden.

The 2012 transit was a truly special event for humanity, as it was the last transit of Venus until the year 2117. Conditions on Mauritius and Rodrigues were significantly more challenging in 2012 than they had been eight years earlier; only the final phase of the transit was visible over the Indian Ocean during the early morning hours, shortly after sunrise. Instead of constructing massive observation stations on-site, local educational institutions and researchers on Mauritius used the event for global educational projects. The data were cross-referenced with high-resolution live images from space telescopes (such as NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory). This ensured that, despite the limited visibility windows on the islands, precise observations were recorded for posterity.


 Related:

  - Transit of Venus.....Greetings from a black dot/08.06.2012

Rodrigues and the Transit of Venus 2012/ 07.06.2012  

 - Chasing the Venus....Pingré in Rodrigues/05.06.2012 

 - Wenn die Venus sich vor die Sonne schiebt...When Venus moves across the sun.... / 05.06.2012 

 

More on the Transit of the Venus 2004

 THE GREAT TRANSIT OF VENUS EXPEDITION TO MAURITIUS JUNE 8, 2004 By Paul D. Maley, NASA Johnson Space Center Astronomical Society, Houston, TX USA


More on First Day Covers issued in Mauritius:

 - Mauritius Philatelic Corner/Stamps of Mauritius 

Dienstag, 5. Juni 2012

Chasing the Venus....Pingré in Rodrigues


"...an enlightening chronicle of the first truly international scientific endeavor—the eighteenth-century quest to observe the transit of Venus and measure the solar system.

On June 6, 1761, the world paused to observe a momentous occasion: the first transit of Venus between the earth and the sun in more than a century. Through that observation, astronomers could calculate the size of the solar system—but only if they could compile data from many different points of the globe, all recorded during the short period of the transit. Overcoming incredible odds and political strife, astronomers from Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Sweden, and the American colonies set up observatories in remote corners of the world, only to have their efforts thwarted by unpredictable weather and warring armies. Fortunately, transits of Venus occur in pairs: eight years later, the scientists would have another opportunity to succeed. "(Book)


"In November 1760 two French astronomers set out from Paris to view the transit of Venus from far-flung destinations: thirty-eight-year-old Jean-Baptiste Chappe d’Auteroche began his 4,000-mile journey to Tobolsk in Siberia and forty-eight-year-old Alexandre-Gui Pingré to Rodrigues, a small island in the Indian Ocean not far from Mauritius.

Both were regarded as ‘worthy’ of the honour and the ‘perfect’ candidates for the appointment – or so at least the members of the Académie des Sciences thought. They were certainly brilliant astronomers, but also corpulent and middle-aged – not exactly the epitome of dashing adventurers but they were ready to face the dangers of the long voyages.

Pingré, however, had some second thoughts on the evening before of his departure. The appointment had first ‘extremely flattered’ him, but now his friends’ warnings began to trouble him. They were ‘the first to be frightened about his fate’, Pingré noted in his diary, and therefore tried to convince him that his life was in danger. Suddenly he saw the voyage through different eyes: instead of fame and honour, death and disease might loom. With the whole of Europe in the midst of the Seven Years War, Pingré was risking ‘my liberty, my health, and even my life’.

Despite his worries, Pingré left Paris to catch a boat from Lorient – the headquarters of the Compagnie des Indes – on the coast of Brittany, while Chappe made his way across Europe. From the beginning their journeys were riddled with problems. Only a week after Chappe had departed from Paris, his carriage was already beyond repair. He had to purchase a new one as well as replace his thermometers and barometers which had been damaged in accidents – though luckily his telescopes emerged intact. Meanwhile Pingré was stuck in Lorient where the local agents of the Compagnie complained that he had brought a rather excessive amount of luggage. Outraged, Pingré argued that 700 to 800 pounds of luggage was nothing unusual for an astronomer – they were certainly not travelling lightly."(source)


Some vessels with astronomers on their way to their destination were attacked by war ships, this also happened to Pingré on 10 January 1761, and there were more challenges..

"In early April 1761, just after rounding the Cape of Good Hope, Alexandre–Gui Pingré’s ship met a damaged French supply vessel that had been attacked by the British. Packed to the brim with provisions from the Cape for Mauritius the captain ordered Pingré’s vessel to accompany and protect them. Instead of sailing to Rodrigues where he had been ordered to view the transit on 6 June 1761, Pingré was now forced to go to Mauritius where he disembarked on 7 May.

It was still possible to reach Rodrigues in time – an eight-day journey and no more, one captain had told Pingré. However, squalls and high waves had slowed them down first, then a lull. The days were ticking by and the frenzied race had come to a standstill. On 26 May, Pingré finally saw Rodrigues in the distance – a sight ‘that filled me with such satisfaction as I haven’t felt since my departure from France’, he cried, but there was still no wind. He was now, Pingré believed, in the hands of God and the captain. ‘The calm continued on the sea, in the air and in the spirit of M. Thullier [his assistant]’, he wrote in his journal, ‘but certainly not in mine’.

It had been on the way from Mauritius to Rodrigues that he observed on 18 May 1761 the lunar eclipse – one of the celestial encounters by which the astronomers would be able to determine their exact geographical position which was essential in order to use the transit data. This one was one of the rare total lunar eclipse during which the moon became completely invisible. As the earth slowly moved between the sun and the moon, its shadow hiding the moon, many astronomers pointed their telescopes to the night sky, Pingré watched from the deck of the vessel."(source).


"Then, on 28 May, only seven days before the transit, Pingré finally set foot on the ‘desired island’. There was no town or fort on Rodrigues. The only reason the Compagnie des Indes kept the island was for its large turtle population. Regarded as a remedy against scurvy, the turtles were collected and kept in an enclosure and every two or three months dispatched to Mauritius. The governor of Rodrigues, Pingré snobbishly noted, lived only in a small log cabin made of roughly hewn timber and mud. Pingré and his assistant had to sleep in a shed with a dirt floor beside this governor’s ‘residence’.

‘We had no time to lose’, Pingré wrote. He found a location in the north of the island from where to view the transit, but it was too late to build a proper observatory. Instead he placed some big boulders in a circle and constructed a small hut to house the instruments. It was so crudely built that it gave little protection from wind, dust and animals. The instruments had already suffered from the long sea voyage with some ‘eaten by rust’, Pingré moaned, hectically polishing and greasing them with turtle oil, the only lubricant available. Over the next days, the French astronomer prepared his instruments and observed the movements of Jupiter’s satellites at night in order to set the clock – an enterprise that was sabotaged by the rats that chewed through one of the pendulums. He only had a few days to the transit."(source)

Triangulation on Rodriguez Island, from the Illustrated London News, 24 October 1874.source

To make things very short, Pingrés transit observation was doomed also by the weather and in some encyclopedias it was simply tagged as unsuccessful.

" On the fateful 6th of June the weather was generally unfavourable. At 5.30 am, the wind, which had blown hard during the night, calmed down somewhat, but there was a heavy cloud in the east, and a quarter of an hour later the sky was almost completely overcast. At the crucial time, between 8.00am and 8.30 am the clouds cleared sufficiently for observations to be made but the wind rose so strong, that Pingré was as much troubled by it as by the clouds with the result that the observation was far from satisfactory.Pingré made his observation "dans l'enfoncement de Francois Leguat", probably on the hill of the East to it."  (Source: North-Coombes)

A living Domed Rodrigues Giant Tortoise (Cylindraspis peltastes) depicted by Jossigny in c. 1770. 

Maybe he could not contribute with much related to the Transit of Venus itself but his account of the 3 and a half months in Rodrigues has proved valuable in many respects. First of all his second objective of his voyage to Rodrigues. He was determined to draw a map and so with his assistant he set out on several occasions taking angles in order to determine latitude and longitude. Lack of time and the capture of the island by the British Navy prevented Pingré, who was said not to aim much at accuracy, from drawing a more accurate map than he actually did. However, his Rodrigues manuscript was voluminous, containing, beside meteorological observations, a 100 pages alone of the island's capture.And we learn that during his visit Rodrigues had just a handful inhabitants, "a surgeon and a corporal in charge of a dozen slaves who were engaged in collecting tortoises for shipment to Isle de France." In 1761, Abbé Pingré wrote:

"The tortoise is not a pretty animal, but it was the most useful of those we found at Rodrigues. In the three and a half months that I spend on the island, we ate almost nothing else: tortoise soup, fried tortoise, stewed tortoise, tortoise forcemeat, tortoise eggs, tortoise liver - these were pretty much our only savouries. This meat seemed to me as good on the last day as on the first; I did not eat many of the eggs; the liver seemed to me the most delicious part of the animal. After five weeks stay I was attacked by dysentery which I kept secret, because I counted more on myself to heal it than the island's surgeon. Diet and rest put me right in a few days, but it left me with an extraordinary involuntary repugnance for this liver that I had so liked until then. Should I thus regard it as the cause of my indisposition?. . .Tortoise fat is very abundant and does not congeal; it is what is known as tortoise oil. This oil had no bad taste, it is very healthy, and we seasoned our salads with it, used it in frying and all our sauces. Rodrigues tortoises are foot and a half long and bout a foot across; they were formerly large, but they are no longer given time to grow. When a bigger one is found, it is called a carrosse. These carrosses cannot harm a waken man, though they have sometimes bitten sleepers hard. The shells of these tortoises served us like baskets to carry oysters and similar provisions. The flesh of these tortoises is the colour of mutton, and approaches it for taste." (Pingré, 1763; Cheke and Hume, 2008, found here).


Pingré mentioned not only the tortoises which at his time were still more or less abundant but also that other species mentioned by Leguat about 70 years earlier were not anymore to be seen, like the Rodrigues Night Heron.
source 

As to the second part of the Transit of Venus pair, Pingré was more successful.
"More satisfactory results were obtained from an expedition to the French Cape on Haiti where the next transit was observed on 3 June, 1769."(source)
Monument of Pingré in Rodrigues


The next Transit of Venus took place in 1874, and it was again observed by scientists sent to the island, this pic was sent to me by Brice, unfortunately without source


"Not far from Port Mathurin on Rodrigues, on a site where the old Fort Duncan was loacted, Charles B. Neate erected his observatory huts. The transit hut was enclosed by a large stone wall to protect it against hurricanes. On the morning of the transit, the observatory was surrounded by policemen and no one was allowed to approach. Neate observed with the 6-inch equatorial. At both ingress and egress the black drop was very apparent. Today, there is a plaque commemorating the event (with the wrong year 1894), attached to a large concrete block."


The transit hut at Point Venus, surrounded by a wall to protect the hut against hurricanes. (Picture courtesy of National Maritime Museum, London) 

The scene as it is today with the concrete block and plaque commemorating the event. 
Photo:Deva Ramasawmy, 2009
Tomorrow between 6.20 am and 8.00 am the Transit of Venus can hopefully be observed again in Rodrigues.

Sources:

- Alexandre Guy Pingré/ New Advent Encyclopedia